You do not need all three clouds on day one. Certify the cloud your target jobs list, then add a second cloud only if the role is multi-cloud or you are changing ecosystems.
Default for most beginners: AWS Cloud Practitioner or AZ-900. Already in a Google shop? Digital Leader then ACE.
Pick the vendor first (not the exam)
| Choose this cloud if… | First cert | Then |
|---|---|---|
| Job posts say AWS / you want the widest associate market | Cloud Practitioner or skip to SAA-C03 | AWS roadmap |
| You work (or want to work) in a Microsoft estate — M365, Entra, Azure | AZ-900 | AZ-104 · Azure roadmap |
| Your company is on Google Cloud, or you are aiming at GCP-heavy data/ML teams | Digital Leader or ACE | GCP roadmap |
Rule: one foundational + one associate on a single cloud beats three fundamentals on three clouds.
Foundational exams compared
| AWS | Azure | Google Cloud | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Literacy exam | CLF-C02 Cloud Practitioner | AZ-900 | Digital Leader |
| Hands-on associate | SAA-C03 / DVA-C02 / SOA-C02 | AZ-104 | ACE |
| Architect professional | SAP-C02 | AZ-305 | Professional Cloud Architect |
| Typical first-exam cost | ~$100 (Practitioner) | ~$99 (AZ-900) | ~$99–$125 |
AZ-900 and Cloud Practitioner are equally valid on-ramps. Digital Leader is more business-framed than CLF-C02.
Skill overlap (what transfers)
IAM, VPCs/VNets, object storage, managed databases, and least privilege transfer as ideas. Console clicks and product names do not. Budget 4–6 weeks to re-map when you switch clouds, even if you already hold an associate elsewhere.
Kubernetes is the exception: CKA travels across clouds better than a vendor associate.
Recommended sequences
Career changer, no job target yet: AZ-900 or CLF-C02 (pick based on which local employers you see), then the matching associate (AZ-104 or SAA-C03).
Software engineer: skip fundamentals if you already ship to a cloud; sit SAA-C03, AZ-104, or ACE for that cloud.
Security: vendor fundamentals (SC-900 or Cloud Practitioner) plus Security+, then a cloud security cert (AZ-500 or AWS Security Specialty).
Data / ML: cloud associate + a data/ML cert on the same vendor (DEA-C01, DP-100, GCP Data Engineer).
CertStud starting points
- AWS: all AWS certs · Practitioner practice
- Azure: all Microsoft certs · AZ-900 practice · AZ-104 practice
- Google Cloud: all GCP certs · ACE practice
- Compare hub: /certifications/cloud
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